philosophy exam

Marxism is usually categorized as a materialist philosophy; what does the
word materialist mean in this context?
问题 2 0.5 分
False Dichotomy
Jack: Gun control laws don’t solve violence! For instance, the country of Honduras
has very strong gun control laws, and their homicide rate is 20 times that of the
United States!
Jill: Honduras actually has the highest homicide rate in the whole world right now.
People who study Latin America have been discussing whether it warrants the status
of being a “failed state.” So I think that you have presented a ________ ; the U.S.
and Honduras are simply too different right now to draw any conclusions one way or
the other regarding gun control through comparison.
What fallacy could go in the above blank?
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Premise
Straw Man
False Analogy
问题 3 0.5 分
Appeal to personal incredulity
Correlation mistaken for Connection
False analogy
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Jack: …so that’s my assessment: that if teachers and pastors were armed more
often, if non-violent law abiding citizens could easily obtain permits to carry guns,
most mass shootings would be prevented.
Jill: So you imagine teachers with guns in their desks, and armed guards anywhere
where a group of people might gather. Wow; What could go wrong with that?! Do
you honestly expect me to believe–to expect us to believe–that saturating our society
with even more deadly weapons will somehow reduce the crime rate? We have the
highest gun-per-citizen rate in the world, even higher than war zones, and you think
that we need more guns?! How can you expect any of us to seriously even consider
that that is the solution?!
Jill has not given much of an argument here; her response could be categorized as
which fallacy?
问题 4 0.5 分
The secular, socially-conservative argument against gay marriage presented by
Michael Pakaluk is both very provocative and very vulnerable. What would be a
accurate summation of it’s basic nature, and of it’s vulnerability?
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Pakaluk claims that evolution teaches us that gay people, objectively speaking, are less likely
to be able to procreate and survive, and therefore there is reason to believe that they are
somehow deficient in other ways. This argument is vulnerable because there is no genetic
evidence to support it, and in an overpopulated world, being able to procreate easily is not
necessarily a good thing.
Pakaluk claims that there are two basic understandings of marriage, and that gay marriage
irrevocably shifts our understanding of marriage toward erotic friendship and away from
founding a family, and that this could undermine the basic stability of society. This argument
is vulnerable because not only is there any reason to assume that this shift would be a bad
thing, but that according to Pakaluk’s own analysis, this shift (toward erotic friendship,
marrying for ‘love’) already has taken place within heterosexual culture.
Pakaluk claims that all gay people are sinners that most major religions condemn, and that
therefore we ought to go with the religious consensus. This argument is vulnerable because
if you’re not religious, it means nothing to you.
问题 5 0.5 分
Claim
Major Premise
Fallacy
Conclusion
Socialism is awesome. I think this because by girlfriend likes it, and all things that my
girlfriend likes are awesome. “Socialism is awesome is the _?_ of the argument?
问题 6 0.5 分
No answer text provided.
“When doctors determine that there is no longer any quality of life, Euthanasia
must be presented to the patient as an option.”
The bold faced phrase…
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…is incorrect, in fact fundamentally misrepresents the most basic tenant of pro-Euthanasia
arguments: doctors determine how long a patient probably has to live, but Doctors do NOT
determine that there is no quality of life, because “no quality of life” is not a medical reality a
doctor could determine, even theoretically. That is entirely up to the patient; the patient’s
choice is paramount.
…is correct, in terms of a coherent mainstream pro-Euthanasia argument. However, the
second half of the sentence is NOT correct; the patient must come to the doctor and ask for
Euthanasia; the medical team should never approach the patient.
…is the cornerstone of pro-Euthanasia arguments; doctors meet and determined that the
patient has less than 6 months to live, and that there is no longer basic quality of life.
问题 7 0.5 分
Straw Man
False dichotomy
Coincidence rather than Connection
Appeal to Authority
Jack: We must invade Iraq for a third time, or else face a global destructive terrorist
menace that will murder untold thousands of people! I am going to present a former
U.S. President, two generals, and an Iraqi writer who all agree with me.
If Jack presents no other argument other than simply demonstrating that these
4 people do, in fact, agree with him, and therefore he is right, his overall
strategy represents which fallacy?
问题 8 0.5 分
Anarchists teach that all government inevitably leads to war, war fought for the
government’s agenda and not the people’s. Ironically, what other philosophy teaches
that all government is basically bad, that government should not and indeed will not
exist at all in the better world that is to come?
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Utilitarianism
Queer theory
Alinskyism
Marxism
问题 9 0.5 分
Marijuana is a viable drug to treat diseases, and this must be recognized in law
Many artists and leaders relax with pot, so obviously it can’t be that bad.
Alcohol should be made illegal as well; if not, we must legalize pot in order for our laws to be
consistent.
Individual freedom is always most important: the burden of proof ALWAYS lies with the
government to show harm to society before creating or enforcing a law. ANYTHING that you
do, on your own, without harming others, is not the governments’ business.
Many people who would identify as far “right” politically, as “libertarian” in fact, are in
favor of the legalization of Marijuana. Their argument puts them at odds with
mainstream conservative politics in Europe and America. What is the “libertarian”
argument in favor of legalized pot?
问题 10 0.5 分
Consider the following argument in favor of legalizes suicide (note: these statistics are
completely made up):
Studies show that first responders’ response time to emergency calls would
increase by 43% if they no longer had to respond to suicidal citizens who did
not otherwise endanger the public. Over 80% of suicidal response calls are
people who have claimed to be suicidal many times, and the rate of homeless
people seeking 3 days of free shelter in a hospital by claiming suicidality has
increased dramatically in the last 5 years. When one considers the deaths that
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Shifting the burden of proof
Utilitarian
Second wave feminist
Anarchist
have directly resulted from a slow response time, we can calculate that, even if
50% of people who threaten suicide went through with it (which is unlikely), at
least 200 lives per year would be saved if we legalized suicide in San Francisco,
because of the increased response time to robberies, assaults, and other nonsuicidal emergencies.
This argument that we would be saving more lives than we would lose if we legalized
suicide uses which basic style of reasoning?
问题 11 0.5 分
Appeal to Authority
False Analogy
Political polarization
Straw Man Fallacy
People have long wondered whether or not pot is harmful or not. I’d like to settle
that debate today: Dr. Jack Smack has treated drug patients for over 30 years,
and he believes that pot is highly addicted and kills brain cells. Now that we
know that that is true, we can thus conclude that…
The bold faced phrases in this passage represent which fallacy?
问题 12 0.5 分
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Anarchist argument
A deductive argument
Inductive argument
No answer text provided.
Fact: Since 1980, violent crime has gone down substantially in the United States,
from about 10 homicides per 100,000 to about 5. I think that this is because of
abortion. A generation of unwanted children did not grow up because of the rights
secured by Roe V. Wade, and thus all those unwanted babies never became violent
criminals; All unwanted children become criminals. Because of legalized
abortion, there are less unwanted children. Therefore, there are less criminals.
The bold-faced argument is…?
问题 13 0.5 分
No answer text provided.
The conclusion
A premise
No answer text provided.
All life is sacred, and not to be violated. A human fetus is life. Thus a human fetus
is sacred, and not to be violated.
The bold faced statement in this argument is…?
问题 14 0.5 分
Which of the following is the best example of a claim?
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Where is the caltrain station?
I love the Mets!
If we legalize Marijuana, the state will make over $10 billion a year in tax revenue.
Burritos taste fantastic.
问题 15 0.5 分
Deductive Argument
Inductive Argument
Reductio ad absurdem
Political Polarization
I have looked at craigslist every day for a week, and this apartment looks like a good
deal.
My friend who lives in the area also says that it is a good deal.
Therefore, it is probably a good deal.
This argument represents which type of argument?
问题 16 1.5 分
Consider the following arguments:
(1) Before Trump was elected, there was a horrifying sequence of mass
shootings; after his election, mass shootings have gone down. Therefore,
Trump has done a good job stopping mass shootings.
(2) Before Donna stole from her family and went to jail, she played a lot of
Grand Theft Auto. Therefore, Grand Theft Auto contributed to her criminality.
Both of these arguments have a similar structure. In your own words, and/or
using any of the fallacies from the reading, what is wrong with these
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arguments? What could make one of them better?
Both of these arguments could be categorized as Post hoc, ergo propter hoc.
I think add a relative factor before the conclusion could make the argument become better.
For example, we can add “Trump haslaid out a series of policiesto prevent mass
shootings.” before “Therefore, Trump has done a good job stopping massshooting.”
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问题 17
For Marxists, what is Base and Superstructure? Why, for Marx, did every revolution
thus far fail (relate this to base and superstructure)?
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Base is “the specic relationships involved in exactly how, in one specic place and
time the means of subsistence are produced through the division of labour.”
Superstructure means “all the culture (art, religion, academia, sports, etc.) that
manifests from a particular base. All superstructure supports the base that it arose
from; All superstructure is simply a natural efux of that base. Human ideas–our
stories, our philosophy–naturally support the base that exists, even if that base is
feudalism, the caste system, living in a ghetto, or some other horror.”
Because Marx and his writing partner and friend, Frederich Engels believes after the
revolution, the need for government disappears. Governments exist only to support
existing power structures that deal with relations of material production. As a result,
after the Marxist revolution, there have been power vacuums over and over again.
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问题 18
Many advocates for the legalization of Marijuana have pointed out that alcohol and
cigarettes are, objectively speaking, more harmful to public health and safety than
Marijuana use. Law enforcement has, in part, responded by defending this hypocrisy,
saying that yes, these other things ARE more harmful…however, what? How can you
accept that alcohol is worse than Marijuana, but still defend alcohol being legal and
marijuana not?
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问题 19
Many anti-Euthanasia advocates have claimed that it violates the vocation (the basic
role) of a medical professional. In this view, There is a straightforward contradiction
involved that can be expressed as a deductive argument, if you accurately define
what a doctor is/does, and accurately define what Euthanasia is. What is this
anti-Euthanasia deductive argument?
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Major premise: The basic occupation of all medical professionals is healing; The rst
principle of recovery is to do no harm.
Minor premise: Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve
pain and suffering; The patient’s death was not due to medical malpractice or
natural causes, so it caused harm to the patient and the patient was not cured
Conclusion: Euthanasia under non-extreme conditions is therefore incompatible
with the basic duties of all medical professionals.
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问题 20
Anarchists offer a categorical objection to government. Their objection is not to
individuals within government, or to a particular style of government, but to the
category of centralized, powerful governance itself, because of what it inevitably leads
to. Trace this argument in your own words (what gov. inevitably leads to), and
respond, in any way that comes to mind: do you agree or disagree?
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I agree with that. Inevitably, the government is led by a leader who is divorced from
the actual situation, ignorant of the truth and aloof. A common picture in our daily
lives is that when we really need to do something, such as reporting a crime, applying
for certain benets, or trying to sue for some unreasonableness. Even if we meet a
government employee who is warm-hearted, understanding, and really wants to
help, he still can’t do it. Because he doesn’t have the right to decide this case, and the
person who has the right to decide will probably never hear my case or claim.